Protection Warrior Tank Spec, Builds, and Talents — Dragonflight 10.2.6

Last updated on Mar 18, 2024 at 15:00 by Mwahi 47 comments
General Information

On this page, you will find out the best talents for each tier for your Protection Warrior in World of Warcraft — Dragonflight 10.2.6. We also have default talent lists for various types of content, such as raiding or Mythic+. If you play with Warmode on, we have your PvP talents covered as well.

If you were looking for WotLK Classic content, please refer to our WotLK Classic Protection Warrior talents.

This page will go over all the talents, explaining each and every one of them in detail. Regardless of whether the talents are passive or active, they can change how we play the class entirely. To get to know if any of the talents influences Protection Warrior's rotation, you can look into our Rotation guide!

There are also some talents that are good in certain environments while lacking in others. For more information regarding talents that are good in Mythic+ or Raiding, respectively, you can take a look at the guides below.

1.

Talent Choices for Protection Warriors

It is crucial to mention that our talent trees are very well put together and we have various choices to be made depending on the content and personal preference!

Before digging into the details, it is important to mention that you no longer need any special item in order to swap around your Talents! This is a great quality of life change.

Under the next section, you can find different example builds. The talent choices depend on the content you are doing, and also assume that you have access to the Onyx Crucible tier set.

2.

Best Talents for Protection Warrior

Standard Raid Talents Offensive Raid Talents AoE/Mythic+ Talents
3.

Standard Raid Talents for Protection Warrior

This build is a decent combination of offensive and defensive talents, making it a good all-around raid build. This build assumes that you have access to the Warrior Protection 10.2 Class Set 2pc Icon Warrior Protection 10.2 Class Set 2pc.

Be sure to make use of the 'Copy Export String' button to import the best build directly into your game!

4.

Offensive Raid Talents for Protection Warrior

This build sacrifices some of the defensive talents for purely offensive gains. We advise you not to use this build on progress bosses or on bosses you are not familiar with, as it will hamper your survivability. This build assumes that you have access to the Warrior Protection 10.2 Class Set 2pc Icon Warrior Protection 10.2 Class Set 2pc

Be sure to make use of the 'Copy Export String' button to import the best build directly into your game!

5.

Best AoE Talents for Protection Warrior

The below build is a solid example of an overall good Mythic+ build. It should provide you with more than enough Shield Block Icon Shield Block, interrupt tools, and damage output. This build assumes that you have access to the Warrior Protection 10.2 Class Set 2pc Icon Warrior Protection 10.2 Class Set 2pc

Be sure to make use of the 'Copy Export String' button to import the best build directly into your game!

6.

Class Talents for Protection Warriors

Class Talents are available for all Warriors, regardless of their specialization. These consist of various abilities and passives which define how the Warrior class plays.

In the following sections, you can find the most influential talents that you can pick up. For a full list of Talents and what they do, take a look at our The spell Summary page linked below.

6.1.

Rows 1-4 Class Talents for Protection Warriors

While there are a lot of options to choose from, you can find the main and most important choices outlined in the list below. The importance of these nodes is not just due to what they do but also which other talent nodes they open up.

Ability Description / Effect
Impending Victory Icon Impending Victory Strong self-heal on a fairly short cooldown. This is a must-have pick in any scenario as it helps us recover from spike damage.
War Machine Icon War Machine As our whole kit revolves around generating as much Rage as possible; the extra gains from this talent go a long way.
Spell Reflection Icon Spell Reflection Will either reflect the magic damage cast that is targeted at you back to the caster, or act as a magic damage reduction ability. This has so much potential in almost any encounter that it would be criminal not to take it.
Leeching Strikes Icon Leeching Strikes Provides a flat 5% Leech. Might seem underwhelming, but it does add up over the course of the encounter.
Heroic Leap Icon Heroic Leap One of our few movement abilities, letting you leap through the air. This should be taken in every scenario as it can help you get out of sticky situations or reposition the boss quickly.
Thunder Clap Icon Thunder Clap One of our core rotational abilities, which also provides us with Rage. There are so many talents that work together with this ability that should be picked 100% of the time.
Furious Blows Icon Furious Blows A very slight auto-attack speed buff. Free damage increases, which also leads to other solid talents.
Fast Footwork Icon Fast Footwork Just a plain movement speed buff, still worth it, as it also opens up various other beneficial nodes.
Rallying Cry Icon Rallying Cry One of our more impactful utility cooldowns. This is almost always good, as it can help save an ally from dying.
Frothing Berserker Icon Frothing Berserker Chance to get a 50% refund on the Rage spent on Revenge Icon Revenge. Nothing significant, but it does open up additional nodes.

The talents in the list below are situational and should be taken only if you are doing content where they provide some value.

Ability Description / Effect
Intimidating Shout Icon Intimidating Shout Fears all enemies around you. A very solid additional interrupt. Especially useful in Mythic+.
Intervene Icon Intervene Intervenes to an ally, causing attacks to be re-directed to you instead. This is a very strong tool in the right situation; it can save your co-tank during a Raid encounter, for example.
Berserker Rage Icon Berserker Rage Situationally very strong when the encounter requires a Fear immunity.
Berserker Shout Icon Berserker Shout Much like Berserker Rage Icon Berserker Rage, this has the potential to be strong if there is a mechanic that lines up with the 1-minute cooldown of the ability. Otherwise, this is a wasted point.
6.2.

Rows 5-7 Class Talents for Protection Warrior

You can find a lot of utility and damage choices for various situations in this section. The most useful and important of them are listed below.

Ability Description / Effect
Crushing Force Icon Crushing Force Increases the damage of one of our core abilities in Shield Slam Icon Shield Slam. It's always worth a pick.
Overwhelming Rage Icon Overwhelming Rage Increases our maximum Rage capacity. It can be useful to avoid over-capping Rage during cooldowns and also provides value during Execute Icon Execute windows. Solid filler point.
Reinforced Plates Icon Reinforced Plates Passive armor increase, definitely worth the point as armor significantly reduces our damage taken.
Blood and Thunder Icon Blood and Thunder Increases the damage of Thunder Clap Icon Thunder Clap and if you also have Rend Icon Rend talented, it causes Thunder Clap to automatically apply Rend. Saving a global cooldown and the Rage cost by not having to apply Rend Icon Rend manually in addition to the damage increase, make it a mandatory pick in every scenario.
Honed Reflexes Icon Honed Reflexes Reduces the cooldown of Shield Slam Icon Shield Slam and Pummel Icon Pummel by 1 second. While the reduced cooldown on Shield Slam Icon Shield Slam sounds exciting, the truth is that this ability rarely manages to finish its cooldown properly due to various reset mechanics. This is still a solid option as a filler point.

The talents in the following list are up for grabs as optional and filler nodes depending on the content you are doing.

Ability Description / Effect
Pain and Gain Icon Pain and Gain Small passive heal whenever you take damage. It is another tiny addition to further increase our sustainability.
Seismic Reverberation Icon Seismic Reverberation Makes Revenge Icon Revenge hit for an additional time for reduced damage as long as it initially hit at least 3 targets. This is a great damage boost in any AoE encounter, like Mythic+, where you constantly have 3+ targets present.
Barbaric Training Icon Barbaric Training increases the damage and Rage cost of Revenge Icon Revenge. A great option to increase your damage output in Mythic+. Just be wary of your Rage usage when using this talent.
Storm Bolt Icon Storm Bolt Single-target stun on a short cooldown. Must have in Mythic+, situational in Raids.
Double Time Icon Double Time Provides us with 1 more charge of Charge Icon Charge, while also reducing the cooldown of it by 3 seconds. While the talent itself is mediocre, the thing that makes it a solid pick is what it leads to.
Sidearm Icon Sidearm A very lackluster passive damage increase. If damage is all you are looking for, then this will serve some value; otherwise it can be ignored.
6.3.

Rows 8-10 Class Talents for Protection Warrior

The last rows allow us to define our gameplay even further and provide a good mix of active abilities and passive buffs. As previously, the most noteworthy are in the first list.

Ability Description / Effect
Armored to the Teeth Icon Armored to the Teeth Increases our Strength by a % of our Armor. This is a solid increase, as we are, by default, a very high armor tank.
Wild Strikes Icon Wild Strikes Provides us with a small amount of Haste and some auto-attack speed. Both of these effects are a fine passive increase.
One-Handed Weapon Specialization Icon One-Handed Weapon Specialization Provides us with 5% Leech and also increases our damage by 5%. This is a lot of value for just one point, a must-have.
Avatar Icon Avatar Increases our damage dealt by 20% and removes all snares and roots when cast. One of our strongest offensive cooldowns. The 1.5-minute cooldown might seem daunting at first, but it gets greatly reduced by Anger Management Icon Anger Management, making it a more or less 45-second cooldown instead. Definitely a mandatory pick in every scenario.
Unstoppable Force Icon Unstoppable Force Causes Avatar Icon Avatar to increase the damage of Shockwave Icon Shockwave and Thunder Clap Icon Thunder Clap, while also reducing the cooldown of the latter by 50%. Great option for higher damage output. It makes Thunder Clap Icon Thunder Clap be usable every other global cooldown during Avatar Icon Avatar windows and pairs well with another talent, Thunderlord Icon Thunderlord.
Thunderous Roar Icon Thunderous Roar Deals damage and puts a bleed on the enemies hit. The ability by itself is already fine, but it has great nodes underneath, which makes it even more appealing. Useful in every scenario.
Thunderous Words Icon Thunderous Words Increases the duration of Thunderous Roar Icon Thunderous Roar's Bleed effect and also increases the damage of all your other bleed effects by 15% at all times. This node is amazing, as we have a minimum of 2 bleed effects up at all times (Deep Wounds Icon Deep Wounds and Rend Icon Rend).

There really are no horrible talents in this area, just a lot of situational ones. Pick from the following depending on the content you are doing and your current needs.

Ability Description / Effect
Endurance Training Icon Endurance Training Increases our Stamina while also reducing our time being crowd-controlled. This point should be taken only in a scenario where you would like to go down to Shockwave Icon Shockwave, such as Mythic+ dungeons; otherwise, it can be ignored for better options.
Shockwave Icon Shockwave AoE stun on a fairly short cooldown. Must have in Mythic+, where it can be used to interrupt casts or provide some breathing room. Usually, it's not as useful in raids.
Immovable Object Icon Immovable Object Casting Avatar Icon Avatar or Shield Wall Icon Shield Wall also casts the other at reduced effectiveness. It has some potential from a defensive point of view, but as of now, it is lacking behind Unstoppable Force Icon Unstoppable Force.
Uproar Icon Uproar Reduces the cooldown of Thunderous Roar Icon Thunderous Roar by 30 seconds. It provides more frequent burst windows but nothing else.
7.

Specialization Talents for Protection Warriors

These talents include abilities and passives only available for Protection Warriors. You can find a lot of our main defensive and offensive abilities under this tree.

As with the Class Talents, you will only find the best choices down below. For a full list, take a look at the Spell Summary page.

7.1.

Rows 1-4 Spec Talents for Protection Warrior

While there are not a lot of choices on the first 4 rows, we do find some really good options here, together with some spec-defining abilities.

Ability Description / Effect
Ignore Pain Icon Ignore Pain Apartial absorb, mainly used as a way to dump excessive Rage due to it being off the global cooldown. It can also be stacked in order to reduce a big incoming damage spike.
Revenge Icon Revenge Deals damage in an arc in front of you. One of your main rotational damage dealing tools.
Demoralizing Shout Icon Demoralizing Shout Reduces the damage enemies hit deal to you by 25%. The effects of this talent are further enhanced by pairing it with Thunderlord Icon Thunderlord,Booming Voice Icon Booming Voice and Unstoppable Force Icon Unstoppable Force, especially in AoE scenarios.
Devastator Icon Devastator Replaces Devastate Icon Devastate with a passive ability that is tied to your auto-attacks. This is a must-have since it frees up a much needed global cooldown.
Last Stand Icon Last Stand Increases your maximum health by 30% and also heals you for the same amount. While the cooldown is a lengthy 3 minutes, it is still worth the point spent on it.
Best Served Cold Icon Best Served Cold Causes Revenge Icon Revenge to deal even more damage. While the damage addition is not huge, it does add up, as Revenge is used rotationally.
Strategist Icon Strategist Execute Icon Execute, Devastate Icon Devastate, Thunder Clap Icon Thunder Clap and Revenge Icon Revenge can now reset the cooldown of Shield Slam Icon Shield Slam. This is a mandatory talent in all scenarios due to how strong it is.
Brace For Impact Icon Brace For Impact Casting Shield Slam Icon Shield Slam increases the damage of Shield Slam Icon Shield Slam by 3% while also increasing the amount of damage you block by the same percentage. Stacks up to 5 times. Another mandatory pick due to how heavily we rely on blocking and Shield Slam Icon Shield Slam damage.
7.2.

Rows 5-8 Spec Talents for Protection Warrior

These rows include some of our most powerful defensive abilities and open up various synergies with other talents! A lot of great options; if only we had more points..

Ability Description / Effect
Challenging Shout Icon Challenging Shout An AoE taunt. A great addition to our toolkit, especially in Mythic+. It also leads to other great talent nodes, making it a mandatory pick.
Rend Icon Rend An additional bleed. Deals significant amounts of damage and is further enhanced by other bleed talents like Thunderous Words Icon Thunderous Words, Bloodsurge Icon Bloodsurge and Bloodborne Icon Bloodborne. The greatest part is that if you also have Blood and Thunder Icon Blood and Thunder talented, which you should; you do not even have to separately cast it, as Thunder Clap Icon Thunder Clap applies it automatically. Must have in all situations.
Brutal Vitality Icon Brutal Vitality Damage dealt adds to your active Ignore Pain Icon Ignore Pain. We will be using Ignore Pain Icon Ignore Pain a lot, so having our damage further feed into the absorb is a great passive addition to our survivability.
Shield Wall Icon Shield Wall Reduces your damage taken by 40% for 8 seconds. One of your strongest defensive tools which synergizes well with other talents like Anger Management Icon Anger Management and Impenetrable Wall Icon Impenetrable Wall. Must have in all situations.
Heavy Repercussions Icon Heavy Repercussions Shield Slam Icon Shield Slam generates more Rage and also extends the duration of Shield Block Icon Shield Block. It provides us with everything we want more Rage and more Shield Block Icon Shield Block uptime. Gets even better when paired with Enduring Defenses Icon Enduring Defenses. Great choice in any situation.
Into the Fray Icon Into the Fray Gain Haste for each enemy or ally nearby, up to 10%. Haste is one of our best secondary stats, so this is another great option. Should be taken instead of Heavy Repercussions Icon Heavy Repercussions if you do not need the extra Shield Block Icon Shield Block up-time.
Enduring Defenses Icon Enduring Defenses Shield Block Icon Shield Block lasts 2 seconds longer. 2 seconds feels like such a short time, but in reality, it adds up to a lot of extra Shield Block Icon Shield Block uptime. This pairs well with Heavy Repercussions Icon Heavy Repercussions since it lets you potentially sneak in an extra Shield Slam Icon Shield Slam in every Shield Block window. Must have talent in any scenario where extra Shield Block Icon Shield Block uptime is needed.
Massacre Icon Massacre Execute Icon Execute is now usable on targets below 35% health, instead of 20%. Purely offensive option for priority target damage. If Shield Block Icon Shield Block uptime is not a concern, then this can be taken to make the last 35% of the boss go faster.
Anger Management Icon Anger Management Reduces the cooldown of Avatar Icon Avatar and Shield Wall Icon Shield Wall by 1 second per every 10 Rage spent. Bread and butter of Protection Warriors. Amazing talent in every situation that pairs well with a lot of our other talents. Mandatory pick.
Impenetrable Wall Icon Impenetrable Wall Shield Slam Icon Shield Slam generates extra Rage and reduces the cooldown of Shield Wall Icon Shield Wall by 5 seconds. Paired together with Anger Management Icon Anger Management this results in your Shield Wall Icon Shield Wall having a ~1.5-minute cooldown instead of the base 3.5-minutes. Amazing choice in any situation.
Punish Icon Punish Stacking buff, which increases your Shield Slam Icon Shield Slam damage and also reduces the damage the target deals to you. More Shield Slam Icon Shield Slam damage is always great, so this is another solid pick in every encounter.

There are some amazing talents that are still left out of the list above, Thunderlord Icon Thunderlord, Sudden Death Icon Sudden Death, Tough as Nails Icon Tough as Nails and even Show of Force Icon Show of Force are all great choices. Read through the info below to see when to pick which!

Ability Description / Effect
Bloodsurge Icon Bloodsurge your bleed effects have a chance to grant you extra Rage. Considering we have 3 bleeds, Deep Wounds Icon Deep Wounds, Rend Icon Rend and Thunderous Roar Icon Thunderous Roar. Unfortunately, the proc chance of this is so low that it would mostly make sense to take it in Mythic+ and to avoid it in single target situations.
Thunderlord Icon Thunderlord Increases the radius of Demoralizing Shout Icon Demoralizing Shout and causes each enemy hit by Thunder Clap Icon Thunder Clap to reduce the cooldown of Demoralizing Shout Icon Demoralizing Shout by 1 second, up to 3 seconds per cast. Unstoppable Force Icon Unstoppable Force, Thunderlord Icon Thunderlord and Booming Voice Icon Booming Voice make a great trio in any AoE scenario. This is a must-have talent in any a situation where you can constantly hit 3+ targets.
Sudden Death Icon Sudden Death Provides a chance for your attacks to cause Execute Icon Execute to be usable for free, regardless of the target's health. Great offensive option for single-target situations. Should definitely be picked for Raids.
Tough as Nails Icon Tough as Nails Blocking attacks deal damage to the attackers. As our whole mitigation is centered around blocking, it only makes sense to pick this up when aiming for additional free damage.
Spell Block Icon Spell Block Allows you to block spells. This can be really powerful in the right situation when magic damage is an issue. The damage reduction it provides for The 20 seconds it lasts is significant, and you can rotate this together with Shield Wall Icon Shield Wall to greatly reduce the threat of magic damage.
Bolster Icon Bolster Reduces the cooldown of Last Stand Icon Last Stand by 60 seconds and also grants you Shield Block Icon Shield Block for the duration of Last Stand Icon Last Stand. Can be taken to further increase your Shield Block uptime.
Show of Force Icon Show of Force Further increases your Revenge Icon Revenge damage and casting Revenge also increases the damage of your next Thunder Clap Icon Thunder Clap. Both of these abilities are rotationally used, you will be more or less passively be gaining the benefits of this talent. If you are looking to min-max, then you would need to ensure that you are casting a Thunder Clap Icon Thunder Clap after every Revenge Icon Revenge. It should be picked mainly in Mythic+.
Instigate Icon Instigate Enhances either Devastate Icon Devastate or Devastator Icon Devastator to deal more damage and provide some extra Rage. Nothing special should be taken instead of Bloodsurge Icon Bloodsurge in a single target encounters.
7.3.

Rows 8-10 Spec Talents for Protection Warrior

The last part of the tree is more or less cut in stone for us since there are clear winners and losers.

Ability Description / Effect
Focused Vigor Icon Focused Vigor Flat buff to our Strength, Armor and Critical Strike chance. All of these are great stats for us.
Shield Specialization Icon Shield Specialization Increases your Block chance and Block value. As our main mitigation kit revolves around Blocking attacks, this It's a mandatory pick.
Shield Charge Icon Shield Charge Charges at your target, dealing damage to all the targets within 10 yards, stunning the primary target and also generating 20 Rage. It is a great initiation tool, and the nodes it leads enhance this even further. Must have in any situation.
Champion's Bulwark Icon Champion's Bulwark Shield Charge Icon Shield Charge deals 20% increased damage, grants you Shield Block Icon Shield Block a free Revenge Icon Revenge and an additional 20 Rage. A solid pick in every scenario, giving us everything we want and more!
Ravager Icon Ravager throws a weapon, dealing damage in an area overtime, while also granting 10 Rage each time it deals damage. While the Cooldown might seem long, but the damage it deals, paired with the Rage, is worth it.
Booming Voice Icon Booming Voice Demoralizing Shout Icon Demoralizing Shout now generates 30 Rage and increase your damage dealt to targets hit by 20%. Another must have talent for increasing your damage output and general Rage generation.
Indomitable Icon Indomitable Increases your maximum health by 10% and heals you for 1% of your maximum health per every 10 Rage spent. Amazing option in every situation, adding up to a lot of healing done throughout the encounter.
Violent Outburst Icon Violent Outburst Consuming 30 Rage grants a stack of Seeing Red Icon Seeing Red, at 8 stacks it causes your next Shield Slam Icon Shield Slam or Thunder Clap Icon Thunder Clap to deal 200% more damage and generate 100% more Rage while also granting a free Ignore Pain Icon Ignore Pain. It does take some time to get used to the tracking necessity of this talent, but it does come with great benefits once mastered.

Of the remaining talents, the two most noteworthy would be Battering Ram Icon Battering Ram and Battle-Scarred Veteran Icon Battle-Scarred Veteran. Both of which are great additions.

Ability Description / Effect
Battering Ram Icon Battering Ram Increases the Critical Strike damage and Critical Strike chance of Shield Charge Icon Shield Charge by 15%. It also causes it to buff your auto-attack damage and speed by 20% for 20 seconds. If used on cooldown, it would mean a constant ~50% uptime on the attack speed buff, which is huge. It's definitely a mandatory pick in single-target situations.
Battle-Scarred Veteran Icon Battle-Scarred Veteran When your health drops below 30%, you take 80% less damage for 8 seconds, and healing you receive is increased by 100%. If you need a safety net, this is definitely worthy of a point. This would be great when still progressing on Raid bosses or when doing Mythic+ high enough where survivability becomes a concern.
Enduring Alacrity Icon Enduring Alacrity Increases our Stamina, Armor, and Haste by a percentage. While all of these stats are great, this node is just slightly lacks other options available.
8.

PvP Talents (War Mode)

Opting into War Mode makes you eligible for open-world PvP but also grants you the following benefits:

  • World Quests at maximum level have 10% increased rewards.
  • You gain 10% increased experience while leveling.
  • Grants you the use of PvP talents in the open-world.

With the benefits of enabling War Mode for leveling and PvE content, it is recommended that you enable the feature to maximize your leveling and rewards at maximum level. However, you will make yourself eligible for open-world PvP, and the possibility of being "ganked" while leveling or doing World Quests exists.

8.1.

PvP Talents for Protection Warriors

Below are the recommended PvP talents for leveling and PvE content. You are able to choose 1 general PvP talent and 3 spec-specific talents.

8.1.1.

Protection Warrior PvP Talents

  • Morale Killer Icon Morale Killer reduces the cooldown of Demoralizing Shout Icon Demoralizing Shout by 15 seconds, bringing its cooldown to 30 seconds, and causes enemies to deal reduced damage to all targets, not just you. This allows for extremely high uptime on Demoralizing Shout.
  • Dragon Charge Icon Dragon Charge causes you to charge a long distance at high speed in the targeted direction. It does not require a target. It deals damage and knocks back any enemies that are hit by the charge. The movement that this talent provides is extremely useful for questing or getting out of dangerous situations. It is almost like having another Heroic Leap Icon Heroic Leap in terms of movement.
  • Bodyguard Icon Bodyguard is a great tool to help you reduce the Physical damage dealt to your allies.
  • Disarm Icon Disarm is another extremely strong option you can take. This allows you to significantly reduce the damage output of classes that rely on weapon damage.

These are simply recommendations. You may find other PvP talents more useful depending on your playstyle. For a more in-depth guide about Warrior Warrior take a look at our dedicated PvP guide.

While PvPing as Protection Warrior can certainly be fun, you might also want to try out PvPing as either Fury or Arms Warrior. Both of these specs will deal a lot more damage while being squishier.

9.

Changelog

  • 18 Mar. 2024: Reviewed for Patch 10.2.6.
  • 15 Jan. 2024: Reviewed for Patch 10.2.5.
  • 06 Nov. 2023: Reviewed and updated for Patch 10.2.
  • 04 Sep. 2023: Reviewed and updated for Patch 10.1.7.
  • 10 Jul. 2023: Reviewed for Patch 10.1.5.
  • 21 Jun. 2023: Updated Mythic+ talent build. Took Brutal Vitality.
  • 05 Jun. 2023: Updated the raid talent build. Took Spell Block as a default talent.
  • 01 May 2023: Updated for Patch 10.1.0.
  • 20 Mar. 2023: Reviewed for Patch 10.0.7.
  • 15 Mar. 2023: Updated the Mythic+ talent build to default Battering Ram over Thunderlord.
  • 24 Jan. 2023: Reviewed for Patch 10.0.5.
  • 23 Dec. 2022: Added notes about Spell Block.
  • 11 Dec. 2022: Replaced Overwhelming Rage with Sidearm for the Raiding build.
  • 28 Nov. 2022: Updated for Dragonflight launch.
  • 25 Oct. 2022: Updated for Dragonflight pre-patch.
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